fritz lange influence on hitchcock

Under the Hammer: The DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL in the Test Lab You may expect a watch made by A. Lange & Sohne to live longer than its owner. Therefore, all new models are subjected to one of the most extensive tests in the watch*** industry. Even the most complex ones, such as the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL. Any true watch aficionado would like to lock this model away in a safe and wear gloves to take it out: A DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL by A. Lange & Sohne. With the ingenious combination of a flyback chronograph and perpetual calendar, it is a watch made for the moment and for eternity and one of the most complex calibres made since the re- establishment of the traditional Saxon manufactory 18 years ago. Christoph Schlen-cker, on the other hand, doesn't even remove it from his wrist when he digs up his garden or lays out the flooring in his living room. It is his job to find out how much abuse this watch is able to withstand, how sturdy and stable its individual components are and how well the watch maintains its precision when you do something with it that you really shouldn't. For example: Letting the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL fall from a height of one metre. This is the purpose of the hammer test; the watch is subjected to a standardized hammer blow that is the exact equivalent of a fall from a height of one metre onto a hard wooden floor. In the course of the test, the parts must withstand sudden stress equivalent to 5,000 times their own weight. In other words: For a split second, a watch part weighing one gram will have a "weight" of five kilograms - and needs to hold up to it. It is Schlencker's goal to make sure that the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL remains in perfect working order even after such abuse. When it comes to sturdiness and reliabil -ity, every A. Lange & Sohne watch must meet the same requirements. He is looking for ways to improve the construction and materials or to streamline the manufacturing process. He is the head of the test lab. It is one of the most important positions at A. Lange & Sohne. It is not, however, one of the most popular. A part of Schlencker's job is to make his colleagues' lives as difficult as humanly possible. Whatever the designers think up and the prototype engineers put together, he will do his best to destroy it. He looks for the weak spots of every design. All new ideas must pass his critical muster. Not a single watch design goes into production without being tested by him. Schlencker established the laboratory eight years ago. When the manufacture was looking to fill the position, the trained watchmaker seized his chance right away. It was the job he had been waiting for all his life. For Lange, it was about establishing the strictest quality controls in the entire fine watch*** industry. A crash test laboratory was to be created according to the example of the automotive industry, which would also be a place where technical treasures would receive their ultimate fine-tuning. Basically, the test lab should not be a place of destruction, but one of research. Schlencker was able to buy some of the necessary equipment and developed the other tests himself. The "shaker test", for example. Essentially, it is a *** wooden box rotating in all possible directions, back and forth, diagonally and with loops, and all this at an irregular speed. Inside, a watch bangs against the wall four times per second, and after 24 hours, the piece looks as if its wearer had just climbed the Nanga Parbat. "The shaker simulates five years of mechanical stress caused by an athletic wearer," Schlencker says. Following this ordeal, all 556 parts of the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL still have to be firmly in place and work flawlessly. Then he developed a "pusher tester", which he modified to test the watch's long-term stability with a realistic simulation. From a distance, it looks like a huge spider. On closer view, it consists of many little bolts pressing the pushers of the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL again and again; after 50,000 times each on start, stop, reset and flyback, the buttons must work as precisely and with the same resistance as they did on the first day. The main push piece, which advances all calendar displays, including the outsize date, collectively by one day, is also pushed 50,000 times during the development stage, advancing the watch more than a hundred years. This is the only way to ensure that the perpetual calendar will actually work in perpetuity. The problem with this machine is, however, that the stress caused by finger pressure is much greater than that of a bolt, because a finger builds up the force slowly until it overcomes the resistance of the button, then pushing the button against the base with a lot of excess energy. Schlencker simulated this by mounting the bolts on springs and placing silicone caps on the ends. In addition, he created a device that can wind up the movement automatically during the tests, so that he doesn't have to interrupt the torture on weekends. Schlencker also procured a climatic chamber that is able to replicate all climatic zones around the world from minus 20 degrees of dry cold to 80 degrees of humid heat. It tests the temperature resistance of the movement. Schlencker also bought a "torque" testing machine" to measure the power reaching a gearwheel and the percentage of power used by the wheel itself. The less energy lost, the better it is for the durability of a movement. For a well-adjusted wheel, the power efficiency is estimated at 93 percent. The rest is lost to friction and power consumption. And every percent of lost efficiency shortens the lifespan considerably. He can observe the consequences with a high frequency camera that is able to take 10,000 images per second and show the details of even the fastest motions. Errors not detectable by the naked eye, such as the inertia-related overshoot of dynamically accelerated and abruptly braked parts - such as the outsize date - or a mechanical conflict between two parts, can be revealed and remedied with this method. It is an indispensible diagnostic device that was an essential part of the development of the precisely jumping minute counter in the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL. Still, Schlencker wasn't entirely satisfied. It was his vision to be able to examine individual assembly groups within a watch, before the respective watch even existed. The problem with watch construction is that design-based irregularities during operation can be recognized only when the entire watch is finished. The interaction of spring and balance in particular always proves to be problematic. For this reason, Schlencker looked for a method to coordinate the two components exactly. Without interference from the rest of the going train. This necessitated a device capable of measuring the number of oscillations of a balance spring per minute and the movement in both direc- tions, because the amplitude would show the force behind the oscillations. Schlencker needed a laser beam that scans an oscillating balance permanently, counting the frequency and measuring the amplitude in any conceivable position, in order to simulate the different influences of gravity. In addition, he needed software that would calculate and turn this data into graphic curves. It took three years to develop the device for Lange that is now officially called the "balance spring analyzer". It was a true milestone. The analyzer was used for the development of the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL. For this watch, the Lange design engineers developed a balance spring that was optimized for this type of watch, could be produced in-house and would ensure a perfectly stable movement. With the help of the balance spring analyzer, different prototype models were adjusted to the balance, until the result was flawless. The tests were then repeated with the finished watch. All that hard work paid off. The average deviation of the DATOGRAPH PERPETUAL was between 0.5 and 2 seconds per day. A value under 6 seconds is generally considered to be very precise. In terms of corporate organization, the test lab is a part of Product Development. It employs the best watchmakers in the country. People who love problems and possess a strong sense of logic and understanding of physics, with extensive knowledge about all the watches of the manufacture. And they must be able to endure something that causes every passionate watchmaker physical pain: Hitting a 100,000 euro watch with a hammer. Source: A. Lange & Sohne

Tiny. Vital. The Balance Spring It weights slightly more than two milligrams. It is smaller than a thumbtack head and thinner than a human hair. And it is the pulsating heart of every wristwatch: the balance spring, or hairspring as it is also called. Perhaps only half a dozen watch companies in the whole world make them in-house. And A. Lange & Sohne is one of these chosen few. Since 2003, the venerable Saxon manufactory has endowed a growing number of movements with its proprietary balance springs. Meanwhile, they oscillate in one out of two Lange movements. Since the DOUBLE SPLIT, a spectacular double-rattrapante chronograph, was launched seven years ago, Lange has steadily increased the number of manufacture calibres with its proprietary hairsprings. At this year's SIHH alone, the Saxons presented five new models with springs developed and manufactured in-house. So now, half of the 24 current Lange calibres are equipped with them. Lange's balance spring manufacturing capability is based on an ingenious and elaborate system that G��nter Bl��mlein began to develop in the 1990s. After all, hairsprings are part of the Lange heritage: the metal alloy still ubiquitously used today dates back to 1930 and to Richard Lange, Ferdinand A. Lange's eldest son. The scientist in the family was the first to discover that the admixture of beryllium in steel-nickel alloys decisively improved their elasticity and thermal resistance. Even today, the development and production of reliable balance springs is associated with nearly insurmountable technical obstacles. The slightest deviations from specified manufacturing tolerances or sequences in the multi-stage production process would have serious consequences with respect to the rate accuracy of the watch. This is why most watchmaking companies don't even consider getting involved in such an intricate undertaking. The first difficulties are already encountered at the first stage during which the wire, made of a steel-nickel alloy, is drawn. Several times in succession, it is pulled through progressively smaller diamond dies until it has attained its final diameter of down to 0.05 millimetres. Then, between two extremely hard metal cylinders, it is rolled to a strip with a cross section measuring 0.018 by 0.09 millimetres. Uncompromising precision is absolutely crucial. This is because in the assembled watch, a deviation of just one ten-thousandth of a millimetre can cause a rate difference of about three minutes. The special rollers used by Lange are ground in the in-house toolmaking department. No outside supplier would be capable of delivering rolls to the required tolerances. The next step involves measuring the strip after it has been rolled. A laser inside the roll mill measures the width, but it still lacks the precision to dependably measure the thickness of the strip. For this purpose, a defined section of strip has to be weighed. Then, using a special formula, the thickness can be determined with sufficient accuracy. The rolled strip is now precisely cut into pieces of identical length. Three, four, or five of these pieces are pedantically coiled around each other by hand. This is how the hairsprings are ultimately formed. Up to 40 of these coiled packs are stacked in a metal ring. In a vacuum furnace, they are subject to a stabilising heat treatment at a temperature of several hundred degrees Celsius. The permissible temperature deviation during this phase is less than one degree. After the hairsprings are separated, collets are laser-welded to their inner ends. Finally, the hairsprings are cut to the desired number of windings. Now, they are ready to be connected to the balance. But first, they have to be classified to assure that the balance spring and the balance truly constitute a harmonious pair. This is done with a method that accurately measures the moment of elasticity of the hairspring and assigns it to one of 20 classes. Then, the hairspring can be paired with a balance that has precisely the right moment of inertia. This eliminates pairings that would cause excessive rate deviations. The process of bending the terminal curve calls for extreme sensitivity. It is decisive for the regularity of the hairspring's oscillation behaviour. This applies in particular to the so-called "Breguet overcoil" for which the outer end of the spring is bent upwards and then folded inward on a second plane above the spring. For this critical procedure, which allows only one try, an experienced watchmaker spends about two to three hours. But if he succeeds, the balance spring will "breathe" about 200 million times a year with impeccable uniformity. Lange's technological know-how and in-depth experience in the domain of oscillation systems is in no way limited to the production of balance springs, by the way. Special springs like those that re-tension the constant-force escapements of the LANGE 31 and the LANGE ZEITWERK are also crafted in-house. And the balance wheels with eccentric poising weights, perfectly matched in their characteristics to Lange hairsprings, are produced on-site as well. Meanwhile, this lightweight and precisely adjustable system has been deployed in seven calibres. Thanks to the interaction of these two components, Lange watches are adjustable to a rate accuracy that is second to none. This achievement reflects a horological understanding with an ultimate goal that can be expressed in one word: precision.